Image Filters Explained: Brightness, Contrast, Blur
A plain-English guide to common image filters — brightness, contrast, saturation, blur, and sharpen — with how they modify pixel data.
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Tags: image, filters, fundamentals
How Image Filters Work: Convolution, Kernels, and Matrices Every time you sharpen a photo, apply a blur, or run edge detection, the software is performing a mathematical operation called convolution. This same operation underlies the filters in Photoshop, Instagram, Google Photos, and every modern computer vision system. Understanding convolution explains why filters work the way they do and makes it possible to design custom effects. What Is Convolution? Convolution is a way of combining two functions — or in image processing, two grids of numbers. The image is one grid; the kernel (also called a filter matrix or convolution matrix) is a small grid, typically 3×3 or 5×5, that defines the operation to apply. The process for each output pixel: Center the kernel over the corresponding pixel…
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